Newton's law of Motion

Newton's Law of Motion :
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for
classical mechanics . They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. They have been expressed in several different ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows.
First law:
In an inertial reference frame , an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity , unless acted upon by a net force.
Second law:
In an inertial reference frame, the sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F =
m a .
Third law:
When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
The three laws of motion were first compiled by
Isaac Newton in his Philosophic Naturalist Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ), first published in 1687.
Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation , explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion .

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for
classical mechanics . They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. They have been expressed in several different ways, over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows.
First law:
In an inertial reference frame , an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity , unless acted upon by a net force.
Second law:
In an inertial reference frame, the sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F =
m a .
Third law:
When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
The three laws of motion were first compiled by
Isaac Newton in his Philosophic Naturalist Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ), first published in 1687.
Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems.  For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation , explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion .

Newton's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called
Newtonian or inertial reference frames . Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is; from this point of view, the second law only holds when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame, and therefore the first law cannot be proved as a special case of the second. Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second. The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton's death.
In the given interpretation mass , acceleration ,
momentum , and (most importantly) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities.
Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by
special relativity , but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the speed of light.
***The first law states that if the net force (the vector sum of all forces acting on an object) is zero, then the velocity of the object is constant. Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object's speed and the direction of its motion; therefore, the statement that the object's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant.
The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant, as,
Consequently,
An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts upon it.
An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless a force acts upon it.
This is known as uniform motion . An object
continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest (demonstrated when a tablecloth is skilfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest). If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its speed. This is evident in space probes that continually move in outer space. Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion. In the absence of net forces, a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely.
Newton placed the first law of motion to establish frames of reference for which the other laws are applicable. The first law of motion postulates the existence of at least one
frame of reference called a Newtonian or inertial reference frame , relative to which the motion of a particle not subject to forces is a straight line at a constant speed.  Newton's first law is often referred to as the law of inertia . Thus, a condition necessary for the uniform motion of a particle relative to an inertial reference frame is that the total net force acting on it is zero.
In this sense, the first law can be restated as:
“In every material universe, the motion of a particle in a preferential reference frame Φ is determined by the action of forces whose total vanished for all times when and only when the velocity of the particle is constant in Φ. That is, a particle initially at rest or in uniform motion in the preferential frame Φ continues in that state unless compelled by forces to change it."

****The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body, is directly proportional to the force applied and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force.
The second law can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since Newton's second law is only valid for constant-mass systems,  it can be taken outside the
differentiation operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation . Thus,
where F is the net force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration. In other words, if a body is accelerating, then there is a force on it.
Consistent with the first law, the time derivative of the momentum is non-zero when the momentum changes direction, even if there is no change in its magnitude; such is the case with uniform circular motion. The relationship also implies the conservation of momentum : when the net force on the body is zero, the momentum of the body is constant. Any net force is equal to the rate of change of the momentum.
Any mass that is gained or lost by the system will cause a change in momentum that is not the result of an external force. A different equation is necessary for variable-mass systems (see below ).
Newton's second law requires modification if the effects of special relativity are to be taken into account, because at high speeds the approximation that momentum is the product of rest mass and velocity is not accurate.
Impulse
An impulse J occurs when a force F acts over an interval of time Δt , and it is given by since force is the time derivative of momentum, it follows that
This relation between impulse and momentum is closer to Newton's wording of the second law.
Impulse is a concept frequently used in the analysis of collisions and impacts.
Variable-mass systems
Main article: Variable-mass system
Variable-mass systems, like a rocket burning fuel and ejecting spent gases, are not closed and cannot be directly treated by making mass a function of time in the second law;  that is, the following formula is wrong:
The falsehood of this formula can be seen by noting that it does not respect Galilean invariance : a variable-mass object with F = 0 in one frame will be seen to have F ≠ 0 in another frame. The correct equation of motion for a body whose mass m varies with time by either ejecting or accreting mass is obtained by applying the second law to the entire, constant-mass system consisting of the body and its ejected/accreted mass; From this equation one can derive the equation of motion for a varying mass system, for example, the
Tsiolkovsky rocket equation . Under some conventions, the quantity u  d m /d t on the left-hand side, which represents the advection of
momentum , is defined as a force (the force exerted on the body by the changing mass, such as rocket exhaust) and is included in the quantity F . Then, by substituting the definition of acceleration, the equation becomes F = m a .

****Newton's third law
An illustration of Newton's third law in which two skaters push against each other. The first skater on the left exerts a normal force N12 on the second skater directed towards the right, and the second skater exerts a normal force N21 on the first skater directed towards the left.
The magnitudes of both forces are equal, but they have opposite directions, as dictated by Newton's third law.
The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction: if one object A exerts a force F A on a second object B , then B simultaneously exerts a force F B on A , and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction: F A = − FB .
The third law means that all forces are
interactions between different bodies, or different regions within one body, and thus that there is no such thing as a force that is not accompanied by an equal and opposite force. In some situations, the magnitude and direction of the forces are determined entirely by one of the two bodies, say Body A; the force exerted by Body A on Body B is called the "action", and the force exerted by Body B on Body A is called the "reaction". This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law , with FA called the "action" and F B the "reaction". In other situations the magnitude and directions of the forces are determined jointly by both bodies and it isn't necessary to identify one force as the "action" and the other as the "reaction". The action and the reaction are simultaneous, and it does not matter which is called the action and which is called reaction; both forces are part of a single interaction, and neither force exists without the other.
The two forces in Newton's third law are of the same type (e.g., if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car's tires, then it is also a frictional force that Newton's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road).
From a conceptual standpoint, Newton's third law is seen when a person walks: they push against the floor, and the floor pushes against the person. Similarly, the tires of a car push against the road while the road pushes back on the tires—the tires and road simultaneously push against each other. In swimming, a person interacts with the water, pushing the water backward, while the water simultaneously pushes the person forward—both the person and the water push against each other. The reaction forces account for the motion in these examples. These forces depend on friction; a person or car on ice, for example, may be unable to exert the action force to produce the needed reaction force.

Newton's universal law of Gravitation

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation :
Every object in the universe attracts the other with a force of attraction. This is by virtue of the mass of the objects. This force of attraction was supposed to be thought upon by Newton while contemplating on the free fall of an apple towards the ground.
The force of attraction, which is the gravitational pull due to mass of objects, exists universally. The factors that affect gravitational force were studied and a law was put forth which is known as 'Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation'.
Universal Law of Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force called the gravitational force. The force acting between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.

Derivation
For two objects of masses m and m and the distance between them r, the force (F) of attraction acting between them is given by the universal law of gravitation as:
F ∝ m ------------------------(i)
F ∝ m -----------------------(ii)
F ∝ (1/r ) ------------------(iii)

From the above equations we can rewrite them as the following
F ∝ m × m × (1/r )
F ∝ (m × m ) / ( r )
F = G(m × m ) / ( r ) , where, G is the proportionality constant called universal gravitational constant.
F = Gm m / r -----------------------(iv)
G stands for Newton's universal gravitational constant, whereas g stands for the acceleration due to gravity at a certain point.
G = 6.67300 × 10 N.m kg , G is a constant throughout space and time and it is a scalar quantity.
Equation (iv) is the mathematical expressiton for Newton's universal law of gravitation.
The second part of the law is called the 'inverse square rule' or 'inverse square law'. The force with which earth attracts any object on its surface is the weight (W) of the object, which is the product of the mass (m) of the object and its acceleration due to gravity (g).
Weight changes from place to place on the earth on account of variation in 'g'. Thus the mass of an object remains the same throughout the universe where the weight of an object changes from place to place.
Mass
One way of defining mass is on the basis of the fact that the mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. Such a mass is known as “inertial mass”. If a force “F” acting on a body produces an acceleration “a” in the body, then, its inertial mass is defined as the ratio of “F” and “a”.
The SI unit for mass is the “kilogram”. When a body is placed in the earth’s gravitational field, the body is attracted by the earth. The force with which the earth attracts a body is known as the “weight of the body”.
Internal mass = F/a
If the acceleration gained by a body due to the earth’s gravitational attraction is “g,” then its weight is equal to “mg”.
Weight of a body = mg
Since the “weight” of an object is a forcee, its SI unit is the “newton”.
The weight of a body is a vector quantity, and always acts towards the centre of the earth. If a body is taken from the “earth” to the “moon”, then there will be no change in its mass, but its weight will decrease. This is because the moon attracts the body with less force than that exerted by the earth. In fact, the weight of a body on the surface of the moon is only one-sixth of its weight on the surface of the earth.
Relation Between g and G
G stands for Newton's universal gravitational constant, whereas g stands for the acceleration due to gravity at a certain point.
G = 6.67300 × 10 N.m kg , G is a constant throughout space and time and it is a scalar quantity .
g = 9.8 m.s , g is acceleration due to gravity which is a variable quantity and a
vector qualtity .
According to Newton's law of universal gravitation the force of attraction between two bodies is given by
F = GMm/r ---------- (i)
From Newton's second law of motion the weight of a body of mass m is
F = mg -----------------(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
mg = GMm/r
or
g = GM/r
Note :
g is a constant at a given location, which depends upon M and r.

Note : g is a constant at a given location, which depends upon M and r.

* Differences Between g and G

Acceleration due to gravity (g)
Universal Gravitational Constant (G)
1.
The Acceleration produced on a
Freely falling body due to
gravitaional force is known as
Acceleration due to gravity.
1.
The force of attraction between any
two objects of unit masses separated
by unit distance in the universe is
known as Universal Gravitational Constant.
2.It is denoted by g 2.It is denoted by G
3. It changes from place to place 3.
Its value is constant everywhere in the
universe.
4. Its units are m/sec 4. Its units are Nm /Kg
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Summary
Every object in the universe attracts the other with a force of attraction. This is by virtue of the mass of the objects. This force of attraction was supposed to be thought upon by Newton while contemplating on the free fall of an apple towards the ground.
The force of attraction, which is the gravitational pull due to mass of objects, exists universally. The factors that affect gravitational force were studied and a law was put forth which is known as 'Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation'.
Universal Law of Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force called the gravitational force. The force acting between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
Derivation
For two objects of masses m and m and the distance between them r, the force (F) of attraction acting between them is given by the universal law of gravitation as:
F ∝ m
F ∝ m
F ∝ (1/r ) ---------------(iii)
From the above equations we can rewrite them as the following
F ∝ m × m × (1/r )
F ∝ (m × m ) / ( r )
F = G(m × m ) / ( r ) , where, G is the proportionality constant called universal gravitational constant.
F = Gm m / r -----------------------(iv)
G stands for Newton's universal gravitational constant, whereas g stands for the acceleration due to gravity at a certain point.
G = 6.67300 × 10 N.m kg , G is a constant throughout space and time and it is a scalar quantity.
Equation (iv) is the mathematical expressiton for Newton's universal law of gravitation.
The second part of the law is called the 'inverse square rule' or 'inverse square law'. The force with which earth attracts any object on its surface is the weight (W) of the object, which is the product of the mass (m) of the object and its acceleration due to gravity (g).
Weight changes from place to place on the earth on account of variation in 'g'. Thus the mass of an object remains the same throughout the universe where the weight of an object changes from place to place.
Mass
One way of defining mass is on the basis of the fact that the mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. Such a mass is known as “inertial mass”. If a force “F” acting on a body produces an acceleration “a” in the body, then, its inertial mass is defined as the ratio of “F” and “a”.
The SI unit for mass is the “kilogram”. When a body is placed in the earth’s gravitational field, the body is attracted by the earth. The force with which the earth attracts a body is known as the “weight of the body”.
Internal mass = F/a
If the acceleration gained by a body due to the earth’s gravitational attraction is “g,” then its weight is equal to “mg”.
Weight of a body = mg
Since the “weight” of an object is a forcee, its SI unit is the “newton”.
The weight of a body is a vector quantity, and always acts towards the centre of the earth. If a body is taken from the “earth” to the “moon”, then there will be no change in its mass, but its weight will decrease. This is because the moon attracts the body with less force than that exerted by the earth. In fact, the weight of a body on the surface of the moon is only one-sixth of its weight on the surface of the earth.
Relation Between g and G
G stands for Newton's universal gravitational constant, whereas g stands for the acceleration due to gravity at a certain point.
G = 6.67300 × 10 N.m kg , G is a constant throughout space and time and it is a scalar quantity .
g = 9.8 m.s , g is acceleration due to gravity which is a variable quantity and a
vector qualtity .
According to Newton's law of universal gravitation the force of attraction between two bodies is given by
F = GMm/r ---------- (i)
From Newton's second law of motion the weight of a body of mass m is
F = mg -----------------(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
mg = GMm/r
or
g = GM/r
Note :
g is a constant at a given location, which depends upon M and r.

Differences Between Mass and Weight
Mass Weight
1. Mass is defined as the matter contained in body.
2. Mass of a body is constant throughout the universe,
3. Mass is a scalar quantity .
4.     S.I. Unit: kilo gram.
1. Weight is defined as the gravitational force
(pull) acted by the earth on the body.
2. Weight of the body changes from place to place depending on acceleration due to gravity.
3. Weight is a vector quantity .
4.     S.I. Unit: kilo gram weight.

The Life of William Shakespeare - Drama

The Life of William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
Widely regarded as the greatest writer of all time , William Shakespeare occupies a unique position in the world of literature. The parish register of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, shows that he was baptised there on April 26 , 1564 ; his various kinds of trade and appears to have suffered some fluctuations in prosperity. His mother, Mary Arden, of Wilmcote, Warwickshire, came from an ancient family and was the heiress to some land. Shakespeare studied in the Grammar School , Stratford where he acquired some knowledge of Latin and Greek. He did not have the benefit of university education. His father had suffered losses in business, in order to help his family Shakespeare had to give up his studies. At the age of 18 ,he married Anne Hathaway of Stratford, and they had two daughters — Susanna and Judith and one son, Hamnet.
How Shakespeare spent the next eight years or so on, until his name began to appear in London theatre records , is not known . There are many stories; some of them being —earning his living as a schoolmaster in the country; of  going to London and gaining entry to the world of theatre by minding the horses of theatregoers, etc. But these stories have no strong proofs to assist their validity. The first reference to Shakespeare in literary world of London was made in 1592 , when a fellow dramatist, Robert Greene talked about him in a pamphlet. It is not clear how his career in the theatre began; but from about 1594 onward he was an important member of the company of players known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men. For twenty years Shakespeare dedicated himself industrious to his art,  writing thirty seven plays, one hundred and fifty four sonnets and two large narrative poems —Venus and Adonis, and Rape of Lucrece. In 1596- 1598 he wrote one biggest and famous play of the Elizabethan Era ‘The Merchant of Venice '.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a playwrite in England. The Merchant of Veniceis one of his many "comedies." Some scholars however, have made the argument that the play is one of his tragedies. Other tragedies of Shakespeare include Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare lived in a time when Jews had been expelled from England for over three centuries. However, as a playwrite, Shakespeare also probably faced much prejudice and hatred-theater was banned from his home town of London during his lifetime and so the theaters had to move outside of the city walls. This situation may have made him sypathetic to the plight of Jews, hence the play as a work of tragedy.
Shakespeare married a woman named Anne Whateley, but he may have also had a male lover during his lifetime-a practice not uncommon for men of his era. Many of his sonnets suggest the possibility of this. Shakespeare's comedies, performed at the Globe theater, were played to an audience which included as many peasants as it did nobles and loyalty, and so the comedy appeals to this lower class as well. Shakespeare's works are full of political humor, but also run rampant with sexual and scatalogical humor.
Shakespeare lived during the reign of Queen Elizabeth who had a man in her service who she cared for deeply (she never married during her reign, but was rumored to have lovers) and who was rumored to be a Jew. If this had been the case, Shakespeare's play would have to have been sensitive to her favor. Hence, more evidence of the play as a tragedy.
In Shakespeare's time, it was the common practice for men to play the parts of women in most productions. For this reason, there is a double joke in the gender switch which Portia and Nerissa undergo. They would have been men dressed up as women who then "disguise" themselves as men. Such humor would not have been lost on contemporary audiences and was probably the reason behind the inclusion of the disguises.

India's Heroes — PROSE

Introduction
India's Heroes is an anonymous story about the reaction of different people in a difficult situation. It deals with the terrorist attacks on Mumbai on November 26 , 2008 ,and sings of the unsung heroes, who contributed immensely in the time of danger, some even laying down their own lives, to save others. The terrorist attack on Mumbai was one of the most devastating of its kind. It involved altogether twelve coordinated instances of shooting, bombings and sieging attacks across Mumbai, beginning on November 26, 2008 and lasting till November 29, 2008.

Summary:  Mrs. Reeta Baruah class teacher of 8 A entered the classroom and asked the students whether
they were ready with their speeches on what they would like to be when they grow up. All forty students had enthusiastically raised their hands, she added that it might not necessarily be a profession that they need to talk about, they could also speak of someone whom they would want to be like or maybe a role model or a mentor or even a particular trait or quality that they admire in a person and wish to emulate. Each student was eager to speak. Ajit Basu was the first speaker who wanted to be a cricketer like Sachin Tendulkar; next Gayatri Chhabra wanted to be a social worker like her mother; Sanjay Damle wanted to be a pilot and elaborated on the thrill of flying an airplane. Thus the whole class spoke about actors, sports stars, politicians and so on.
 Now Kabeer got up to speak, he was slightly nervous as he did not have a flair for making speeches. Moreover, he knew his speech was different from others as it did not focus on any one person, profession or quality. It was a combination of traits and people from different walks of life.
 Clearing his throat, Kabeer started, saying that when he grows up, he wanted to be brave like Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, the thirty-one year old National Security Guard (NSG) commando, who laid down his life fighting the terrorists in Mumbai in November 2008. When Sandeep Unnikrishnan was eight years old, in class three, he made up his mind to join the army. He served two tenures with his battalion in counter-insurgency and counter- terrorism operations, before becoming part of the NSG in January 2007. He was deployed on the 27th of November to clear the terrorist from Hotel Taj in Mumbai. He showed his courage. in chasing the terrorists without caring about his own life. He cared for his fellow soldiers and asked them to step back and eventually was shot by the terrorists.
 Kabeer breathed for a while. Everyone in the room was attentive to his words as they were wondering what was going to follow next. Everyone was allowed to speak for three minutes and Kabeer had just spoken for a minute. Outside the classroom life was carrying on as usual, with the younger children enjoying their recess but the class of 8A was oblivious to it. Kabeer continued – when he grew up, he wanted to be like Vishnu Dattaram Zende, an announcer with the Mumbai railways for ten years. On 26 November. When he heard a loud explosion at one end of a CST platform, instead of panicking and running away, he used the public announcement system to inform people to go out from a different exit. The terrorists fired a bullet into Vishnu Dattaram Zende’s cabin, but it missed him.
 Next Kabeer said that when he grew up, he wanted to be like Karambir Singh Kang the General Manager of the Taj Hotel, who helped the guests in the hotel to safety instead of running away or trying to save his wife and children who were trapped in a room engulfed by fire. He is still with the Taj and trying to rebuild the heritage building.
 When Kabeer looked up, he saw that Swati’s eyes we already moist. He suppressed a sob and continued speaking that when he grew up, he wanted to be fearless like the Ant. Terrorism Squad Chief Hemant Karkare, who pursued the terrorists in a jeep and was gunned down by terrorists near Cama Hospital, along with his brave companions DIGs Ashok Kamte and Vijay Salaskar.
 Kabeer carried on speaking, when he grew up, wanted to be caring like Mohammed Taufeeq Sheikh, popularly known as Chottu Chaiwala, a young boy who ran a tea stall outside CST station, who was among the first to help transport the injured to St George Hospital. He further added that when he grew up, he wanted to be selfless Iike Sandra Samuel who saved the life oftwo-year-old Moshe Holtzberg during the November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. Lastly he said that when he grew up, he wanted to be like the caretakers of the kabristans (cemeteries) in Mumbai who refused to allow the dead terrorists to be buried there. They believed that “terrorism has no religion, and that the only true religion in the world is love and respect for all human beings.”
 As Kabeer ended, the class stood up to applaud and cheer. Mrs. Buruah dabbed a handkerchief to her eyes. She knew that these children are the future of India and they will advocate the virtues of peace, tolerance and selflessness and that one day India will be terror free and lead the world.
Critical Appreciation:
 “India’s Heroes” is a short story where each student of Class 8A of an unknown school in India was delivering a short speech on what he or she wanted to be when he or she grew up. Most wanted to be famous cricketers, politicians, film stars, social workers; but there was a student named Kabeer in the class who wanted to be like people who fought the terrorists, saved, helped the wounded and the injured people during the terrorist attack in Mumbai.
Theme:
 Hero: A true hero is the one who can rise to the occasion and deliver his or her best for mankind without hesitating about his or her own life or about the life of his or her near and dear ones. Heroism is not accepting any injustice but the courage to fight it. All the people who fought against the terrorists on 26 November 2008 in Mumbai, all the people who helped the injured and saved people’s lives are heroic as they stood against terror boldly by reacting to the adverse situation. They did not think about themselves, but they felt that at the hour of crisis it is their human duty to fight the terrorists, to protect the innocent and to save the wounded. Whether Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, a National Security Guard Commando, or Vishnu Dattaram Zende, a railway announcer in the CST Platform of Mumbai or Karambir Singh Kang the General Manager of the Taj Hotel, Mumbai, or the Anti-Terrorism Squad Chief Hemant Karkare or DIGs Ashok Kamte and Vijay Salaskar or Mohammed Taufeeq Sheikh (Chottu Chaiwala) a young boy who ran a tea stall outside CST station – all of them showed their courage to fight against the terrorists – some actively by attacking the terrorists, some by saving and protecting the innocent people, some by helping the injured reach the hospitals. They are the true heroes of India as they did not do anything for name and fame, but did what they thought to be their human duty. They are the ones who make India proud as a nation. They are the ones who can be the role models for the youth of India.
 Children and their dream of a career : Today’s world is career oriented and children from their childhood are made to dream about choosing a right career for themselves Education has become a gateway to choose the right career whereas real education is not only about career building, but about becoming a good human being. The flashy world of consumerism has led us to dream of becoming cricketers, sports persons, film actors, politicians, etc. as they are always in the news and achieve fame. Most of us want to emulate them, their achievements.
 But the true heroes are the ones who work without any desire for name or recognition. True heroes are the ones who stand up and fight injustice when the occasion demands. Heroes are those who help the needy, the helpless, and the wounded. They are the heroes as they are good human beings who think about others, about humanity at large, about being human. Such heroes are the ones who fought against the terrorists on 26th November 2008 and who helped the injured and the innocent. When someone wants to grow up to be one of them, he or she is not thinking about a career, but about trying to inculcate the true values in himself or herself so that he or she may grow up to be a good human being, which is the most significant aspect of education. When the youth of a nation grows up with this kind of education, with this kind of moral values as represented by the people like Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, a National Security Guard Commando, or Vishnu Dattaram Zende, a railway announcer in the CST Platform of01: India’s Heroes 123
Mumbai, or Karambir Singh Kang the General Manager of the Taj Hotel, Mumbai, or the Anti Terrorism Squad Chief Hemant Karkare or DIGs Ashok Kamte and Vijay Salaskar
Characterisation:
 Mrs. Reeta Baruah :  Mrs Reeta Baruah is a major character in the frame story. She has been presented as a Middle School teacher. She was quite an accomplished teacher, who had a studentcentered approach to teaching.
 Mrs Baruah tried new ways and means to make her teaching interesting as well as effective. She did not want her assignments to be dull or uninteresting. She gave a task with which the children could relate themselves, and the result was that the entire class brought their completed assignments.
 She is appeared to be a strict disciplinarian and an emotional person. As Kabeer was reading his assignment, she had tears in her eyes. She kept looking down, so that the students could not notice that she was on the verge of crying. When the speech ended, she dabbed a handkerchief to her eyes to wipe her tears.
 She felt proud to see her students cherish the moral virtues of peace, tolerance and selflessness.
 Kabeer:  Kabeer is a shy boy who does not have a natural flair for speech, but he definitely is a person who feels deeply about the happenings around him. The terrorist attack on Mumbai on 26th November 2008 has touched him deeply and therefore when his class teacher Mrs. Barauh gave an assignment to prepare a speech on what they want to be when grown up Kabeer mentioned people like Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, a National Security Guard Commando, or Vishnu Dattaram Zende, a railway announcer in the CST Platform of Mumbai or Karambir Singh Kang the General Manager of the Taj Hotel, Mumbai, or the Anti-Terrorism Squad Chief Hemant Karkare or DIGs Ashok Kamte and Vijay Salaskar or Mohammed Taufeeq Sheikh (Chottu Chaiwala) a young boy who ran a tea stall outside CST station, who fought against the terrorists, who helped the innocent to safety, who helped the trapped and the wounded. Kabeer felt that if he can grow up to be like them then his life would get some meaning. Unlike other children who wanted to be sports persons, politicians, etc. Kabeer wanted to emulate characteristics which will make him a good human being. His dream is not to earn money, fame, and name; but to be humane in the true sense of the term.

Java Programme - Bluej Environment

* Write a Programme to take input your name, Print your name.
Ans- inport java.util.*;
          public class Name
          {
          public static void main ( String args [ ] )
          {
           Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System.in);
          System.out.println (“Enter your name");
String a = sc.nextLine( );
           System.out.println (“My name is " + a);
       }
       }
* Write a programme to take input your address and marks of two subjects. Display everything.
Ans-
inport java.util.*;
public class Address
{
public static void main ( String rgs [ ])
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner ( System.in);
System.out.println ( “Enter your address");
String a = sc.nextLine( );
System.out.println ( “My address is " + a);
System.out.println (“Enter your marks of two subjects ");
int m = sc.nextInt( );
System.out.println (“My marks of two subjects is " + m);
}
}
            

Drama Questions - Act I Scene 1

Act-I scene 1
1) What did the friends of Antonio suggests about his melancholy?
2) With reference to the scene explain “Fie Fie".
3)Why Salarino  would plucking the grass?
4) What did the reason does Antonio give for his melancholy? Why?
5) These the scene give any introduction about the heiress of Belmont? How?
6) Where are Antonio's ships?  How do these ships move? How do they present an impressive spectacle on the sea?
7) How are Antonio's big ships compared with the smaller ships?
8) How would Salanio have behaved if he had ships at sea like those of Antonio? What would have made him sad?
9) Why would Salanio be plucking the grass ? What else would he be doing to console himself ?
10) What, according to Salarino, makes Antonio sad if not his ‘merchandise'? Is he correctly guessing the cause of Antonio's sadness?
11) At the end of the scene why Bassanio asked Antonio about money? Why it is difficult for Antonio to give such amount or money?
12) What is Antonio's suggestion about raising the money?

Drama - The Merchant of Venice

Characters
•Antonio
•Bassanio
•Shylock
•Portia
•Nerissa
•Gratiano
•Jessica
•Lorenzo
•Salanio & Salarino
•Launchlot Gobbo
•Old Gobbo
•Tubal
•The Duke
•Balthasar & Stephano
•Morocco & Arragon
★A Brief Summary of The Merchant of Venice -
The play starts with the portrayal of Antonio, the Merchant of Venice , who is melancholic . The reason of his sadness could not be fathomed. When his friends suggest that it may be because of his business enterprises (his luck stuck in the ships at the mercy of the ocean) , Bassanio rejects the idea. We are also introduced to Bassanio, a young Venetian noble men, who wishes to woo the beautiful and wealthy heiress of Belmont, Portia. Being a spendthrift, Bassanio lives on borrowed money. Though he has borrowed from Antonio earlier and is yet not able to play him back, he approaches his friend Antonio for three thousand ducats to sponsor his expenditures to get to Belmont to try his luck at the lottery of Caskets to woo Portia. Antonio agrees, but since his money is locked in the sea,he asks Bassanio to take a loan from anyone in Venice with his credit worthiness. Bassanio goes to the Jewish money lender Shylock and names Antonio as the loan's guarantor.
Shylock is a Jew and hates Antonio because of his anti-Jewish mentality. Shylock finds it a perfect occasion to be even with Antonio and he agrees to lend the necessary amount ( three thousand ducats) without changing any interest upon a condition that if Antonio is unable to repay the amount within the specific date, Shylock could take a pound of Antonio's flesh. Antonio signs the contract. With money at hand, Bassanio leaves for Belmont with his friend Gratiano.
Meanwhile in Belmont, when we meet Portia, we come to know that various suitors from different places have come to take part in lottery of Caskets. Portia's father has left a will according to which each of her suitors must choose correctly from one of three caskets - one each of gold, silver and lead. One, who picks the right casket, gets Portia. The first suitor we are shown on the stage is the luxurious Prince of Morocco who chooses the gold casket, interpreting it's slogan “Who choosenth me shall gain what many men desire" as referring to Portion thinking that a beauty like her cannot be anything worse than gold. The second suitor, the conceited Prince of Arragon, chooses the silver casket, with proclaim “Who choosenth me shall get as much as he deserves",vainly thinking about himself to be full of merit. Both suitors thus go back empty handed. The last suitor is Bassanio, whom Portia wishes to succeed, as they have met before and Portia likes Bassanio to some extent. As Bassanio thinks about his choice, members of Portia's household sing a song to warn him not to choose anything based on the outer appearance. He chooses the Lead Casket and wins Portia.
In between the subplot of the play has also been developed as we see Shylock's daughter Jessica is extremely bored in the dull household of Shylock and is secretly in love with Lorenzo. She has planned their elopement, cross dressed as a boy and she does so, while carrying some wealth of Shylock. And in another subplot, we see Gratanio, when he visits Belmont with Bassanio, falling in love with Nerissa ,the lady-in-waiting of Portia.
Back in Venice, news is not favorable for Antonio as his ships are reported to be lost at sea. Having no money at hand he has no way but to be a victim of Shylock's revenge. By now the elopement of Jessica with Lorenzo has made Shylock even more determined to exact revenge. At Belmont , Bassanio receives a letter which tells him that Antonio has been unable to return the borrowed money and is in deep danger. Therefore, immediately after marriage (Bassanio with Portia and Gratiano with Nerissa), Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice, with money from Portia, to save Antonio's life. Portia does not remain passive, but sends a servant to seek the counsel of Bellario, a lawyer, at Padua.
The climax of the play is in the court of the Duke of Venice ,where Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer of six thousand ducats , twice the amount of the loan and everyone pleas for mercy; Shylock's determination because stronger as  he demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke wishes to save Antonio but is bound by the rule of law. Out of nowhere a young “doctor of law",bearing a letter of recommendation to the Duke from the learned lawyer Bellario arrives in the court with a clerk (Nerissa cross dressed) accompanying her. The lawyer Balthazar (Cross dressed Portia) requests Shylock to have mercy on Antonio and when he adamantly refuses any compensations and insists on the pound of flesh, Balthazar asks the court to grant Shylock his due. But the doctor insists that according to the bond signed by Antonio, Shylock is entitled to nothing but an exact pound of flesh and he can get it by without shedding a single drop of Antonio's blood. And if Shylock we're to she'd a drop of Antonio's blood, his ”land and goods" would be forfeited under Venetian laws for planning to murder a respectable Venetian Citizen. Defeated, Shylock agrees to accept Bassanio's offer of money for defaulted bond - first his offer to pay “the bond thrice" ,and when Portia tells him he cannot do according to the bond; Shylock is ready to take merely the principal amount which Portia refuses to pay as Shylock is already refused it in front of the court. Portia then cites a Venetian law, according to which Shylock being a Jew has attempted to take life of a citizen and hence half of his property would go to Antonio and half to the state exchequer and his life depends of the mercy of the Duke. The Duke pardons Shylock's life. Antonio asks for his share “in use" until Shylock's death, when it will be given to Lorenzo and Jessica. At Antonio's request, the Duke grants remission of the state's half of forfeiture, but on the condition that Shylock converts to Christianity and bequeaths his entire estate to Lorenzo and Jessica.
Bassanio and Gratanio are not able to recognize their respective disguised wives, but offers money to lawyer. First Portia declines,but as they insist, Portia requests Bassanio's wedding ring which he had promised to Portia that he will never loose, sell or give away. Bassanio hesitates ,but at last ,after persuasion from Antonio ,gives the ring to Portia. Nerissa also succeed in retrieving her ring from Gratianio. Next we are again transported to the romantic setting of Belmont. Portia and Nerissa reach before their husbands and when Bassanio and Gratiano reach there ,they taunt their husbands about ring that they have given away before revealing that they were really the lawyer and the clerk in disguise. Antonio gets the news that his ships have returned safely after all, thus the play ends happily.